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= Migrazioni nella storia nel mondo e dell’europa =
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= Contemplating the Rondanini Pietà =
  
== Migrazioni preistoriche ==
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'''''Maria Angela Padoa Schioppa''''' -- Sunday, June 11th 2006
  
[[File:Migrazioni_preistoriche.png|border|right|thumb|600px|Migrazioni preistoriche.]]
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Today I went to visit the Pietà Rondanini at the Castello Sforzesco. I've tried to write down the thoughts and feelings it aroused in me.
  
Le migrazioni sono una costante nella storia dell’uomo e hanno portato alla popolazione di tutta la terra a partire dalla sua comparsa in Africa centro-orientale circa 2 milioni di anni fa. La nostra specie, ''l’homo sapiens'', ha iniziato la sua migrazione circa 100.000 anni fa finendo per popolare le Americhe circa 15.000 anni fa<ref name="ftn1">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, ''Geni, popoli e lingue'', Milano, Adelphi, 1997</ref>. La cartina seguente mostra le tappe fondamentali e le direttrici di queste migrazioni.
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If you observe the whole statue from various perspectives, you are led in a movement that from the curve of Christ's feet to the right continues climbing with a curve to the left up to Mary's head, and then descends along Mary's entire back until it rejoins the feet of the Son.
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Seen from the right side, a curved line stands out that runs through the whole statue as in a single large well-characterized movement: as if to express, in my opinion, the mental attitude of someone who - in the face of severe pain experienced - does not stiffen in a straight position and petrified, but instead "moves" with a multiplicity of inner attitudes (concentration, gentleness, strength, acceptance...) surrounded and supported by a large curved gesture of protection that contains them all in itself.
  
== Migrazioni nella storia d’europa ==
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I was particularly struck by the deep curve of Mary's back, which can be observed from the rear: it is imposing and seems to physically express how strong the experience of total commitment and dedication to support the other can be at certain moments, when at the moment of loss of vital forces and exhaustion.
  
[[File:Migrazioni_indo-europee.jpg|border|right|thumb|500px|Migrazioni indo-europee.]]
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It makes one think of the ability in man to take charge of the other, or to the strength of com-passion.
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If you look at the statue from the front, it can almost seem that it is the Son who is supporting Mary, while seen from the back it is seen that it is Mary who is holding the lifeless Christ in her arms.
  
Verso il 4.000 a.C. i popoli insediatisi in qualche area del continente indo-europeo fra i 70.000 e i 25.000 anni fa iniziarono una serie di migrazioni che segnarono profondamente la successiva storia dell'Europa occidentale e di una parte dell'Asia.<ref name="ftn2">Vedi: [http://geostoria.weebly.com/migrazioni-nel-mondo-antico.html http://geostoria.weebly.com/migrazioni-nel-mondo-antico.html] </ref>
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This made me think that of a "therapeutic" experience of participation and support; for example, of a doctor towards a patient or a parent towards a child in difficulty, or in many other cases, the inner enrichment that arises is always reciprocal and, at least potentially, it's never in just one direction.
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The two faces of Christ and Mary, in some respects very similar but also very different, seem to express a multiplicity of feelings and moods: concentration, commitment, seriousness, pain but not despair, calm? serenity... and they almost seem to lead those contemplating them to see how the human being can transform himself on his journey of disembodiment towards the spiritual world, when he approaches the threshold of death. Death on earth and birth to the spirit world.
  
[[File:Mappa_etno-genetica_dellEuropa.jpg|border|right|thumb|600px|Mappa etno-genetica dellEuropa.]]
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The two figures express a profound union between them that almost borders on the fusion of the two bodies, so much so that in some parts it is not easy to distinguish the body of Christ from that of Mary. But on the other hand, the two individualities clearly stand out.
  
La composizione etno-genetica dell’Europa è oggi il risultato di quelle migrazioni. Questa cartina riflette il grado di differenziazione delle etnie europee.<ref name="ftn3">Vedi: [http://www.hescaton.com/wordpress/leuropa-genetica/ http://www.hescaton.com/wordpress/leuropa-genetica/]</ref>
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This can be a symbol of those life experiences in which symbiosis and otherness are experienced at the same time.
 
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| align=center| [[File:pieta-rondanini_3b.jpg|border|right|thumb|200px|link=pieta-rondanini_3b.jpg]]
[[File:Mescolanza_europea.jpg|border|right|thumb|500px|Mescolanza europea.]]
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Invece questa cartina indica il grado di omogeneità europea, quindi la percentuale di non mescolamento con etnie extra europee. La cartina è data ritenendo europei il gruppo etnico dell’Europa occidentale, quello dell’Europa orientale e il gruppo Mediterraneo. Alla luce di questi dati, si è stabilita la comune matrice europea che si base sui gruppi etnici celtici, germanici, greco-romani, dinarici, slavi e caucasici, ma senza escludere del tutto i gruppi etnici finnici, unni e fenici. A nostro avviso, si può quindi concludere come l’Europa etnica corrisponda quasi alla perfezione con l’area culturale europea.<ref name="ftn4">Stesso riferimento precedente.</ref>
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[[File:Invasioni_dellimpero_romano.png|border|right|thumb|500px|Invasioni dell'impero romano.]]
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Alla luce di questi dati c’è chi parla di comune matrice europea che si basa sui gruppi etnici celtici, germanici, greco-romani, dinarici, slavi e caucasici, ma senza escludere del tutto i gruppi etnici finnici, unni e fenici. Se ne conclude che l’Europa etnica corrisponde quasi alla perfezione con l’area culturale europea. La minore omogeneità genetica dell’Italia rispetto ai paesi nordici è dovuta alle maggiore penetrazioni di popolazioni extra-europee (ad es. vandali e unni) durante le invasioni “barbariche” (cioè straniere) dell’impero romano e, nel caso della Sicilia, alla successiva presenza araba.<ref name="ftn5">Vedi: [https://lastoriamedioevale.wordpress.com/tarda-antichita/le-invasioni-del-v-secolo/ https://lastoriamedioevale.wordpress.com/tarda-antichita/le-invasioni-del-v-secolo/]. Maggiori dettagli sulla preistoria, l’antropologia e la genetica dell’Europa si trovano nel sito: [https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/ https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/]. Mappe interattive sulle migrazioni si trovano sui siti: [https://earthtime.org/#stories https://earthtime.org/#stories] e [http://metrocosm.com/global-immigration-map/ http://metrocosm.com/global-immigration-map/]</ref>
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If you look at the statue from the left side, you can see the broad and strong gesture with which Mary supports the inert body of Christ: it seems that she is resting him on her lap, between her legs, to better support him with all her strength.
 
 
== Migrazioni attuali ==
 
 
 
[[File:Migrazioni_attuali.png|border|right|thumb|600px|Migrazioni attuali.]]
 
 
 
Anche oggi il fenomeno migratorio è presente in tutto il mondo. A differenza del passato, però, ne sono protagonisti persone (singole o in gruppo) che fuggono da situazioni di guerra, da regimi dittatoriali o dal crescente divario fra paesi poveri e paesi ricchi.<ref name="ftn6">Vedi: [https://slideplayer.it/slide/12051365/ https://slideplayer.it/slide/12051365/]</ref> Per quanto riguarda l’Europa questa carta mostra la provenienza degli immigrati.<ref name="ftn7">== Vedi: [https://www.corriere.it/sette/17_agosto_10/immigrazione-italia-europa-soluzioni-84c8c376-7b91-11e7-8e8c-39c623892090.shtml https://www.corriere.it/sette/17_agosto_10/immigrazione-italia-europa-soluzioni-84c8c376-7b91-11e7-8e8c-39c623892090.shtml]</ref>
 
 
 
[[File:Provenienza_degli_immigrati.jpg|border|right|thumb|500px|Provenienza degli immigrati.]]
 
 
 
== Effetti culturali delle migrazioni ==
 
 
 
[[File:Effetti_culturali_delle_immigrazioni.jpg|border|right|thumb|400px|Effetti culturali delle immigrazioni.]]
 
  
Una forte presenza di immigrati può provocare diverse conseguenze, riassunte in questo diagramma.<ref name="ftn8">Classificazione di Berry degli orientamenti di acculturazione: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02513-0 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02513-0]</ref> I quattro orientamenti di acculturazione derivano dalle due dimensioni mostrate sugli assi: quanta importanza gli individui danno al mantenimento della propria identità culturale (asse orizzontale) e quanta importanza danno loro per stabilire le interazioni con altre culture (asse verticale). I quattro orientamenti individuali possono essere interpretati come corrispondenti ai possibili risultati del processo di acculturazione: gli immigrati sono membri partecipanti della società ospitante che hanno mantenuto la loro identità culturale (integrazione), membri partecipanti della società ospitante che hanno adottato la cultura ospitante (assimilazione), membri della società socialmente segregati che hanno mantenuto la loro identità culturale (separazione) o membri della società socialmente segregati che non hanno mantenuto la propria cultura (emarginazione)
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This position of Mary reminded me of the gesture of giving birth.
  
Quando c’è fusione fra culture diverse in America si parla di melting pot <ref name="ftn9">[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot]</ref> e da noi di multiculturalismo <ref name="ftn10">[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismo https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismo]</ref>. All’opposto la separazione fra culture diverse può portare una situazione simile all’apartheid sudafricano. <ref name="ftn11">[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid]</ref> Da noi è interessante la ricerca del dialogo interetnico dell’altoatesino Alexander Langer.<ref name="ftn12">Alexander Langer, Il viaggiatore leggero. Scritti 1961-1995, Sellerio, Palermo, Edizione 4, 2003</ref> Si veda anche la “globalizzazione culturale”. <ref name="ftn13">[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizzazione#Globalizzazione_culturale https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizzazione#Globalizzazione_culturale]</ref>
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A circle closes for Mary between the birth and death of her Son, in two similar and polar gestures: "giving birth" and "supporting in dying out", the alpha and omega of a journey.
  
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The statue evidently bears the contrast and the coexistence in the same work between the perfectly smooth, completed parts and the chiseled and scratched, incomplete parts, between harmonious and plastic bodily forms, and other only sketched, almost disembodied forms.
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It seems to me that the sketched part makes this Pietà particularly special and evocative, almost as if Michelangelo wanted to offer anyone who contemplates it the possibility of "continuing the work" - with his own thought and heart - finding within himself so many possible messages and impulses, aroused precisely by the fact that the work is only sketched and not completed.
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Versione delle 19:51, 20 giu 2023

Contemplating the Rondanini Pietà[modifica]

Maria Angela Padoa Schioppa -- Sunday, June 11th 2006

Today I went to visit the Pietà Rondanini at the Castello Sforzesco. I've tried to write down the thoughts and feelings it aroused in me.

If you observe the whole statue from various perspectives, you are led in a movement that from the curve of Christ's feet to the right continues climbing with a curve to the left up to Mary's head, and then descends along Mary's entire back until it rejoins the feet of the Son.


Seen from the right side, a curved line stands out that runs through the whole statue as in a single large well-characterized movement: as if to express, in my opinion, the mental attitude of someone who - in the face of severe pain experienced - does not stiffen in a straight position and petrified, but instead "moves" with a multiplicity of inner attitudes (concentration, gentleness, strength, acceptance...) surrounded and supported by a large curved gesture of protection that contains them all in itself.

I was particularly struck by the deep curve of Mary's back, which can be observed from the rear: it is imposing and seems to physically express how strong the experience of total commitment and dedication to support the other can be at certain moments, when at the moment of loss of vital forces and exhaustion.

It makes one think of the ability in man to take charge of the other, or to the strength of com-passion.

Pieta-rondanini 1b.jpg

If you look at the statue from the front, it can almost seem that it is the Son who is supporting Mary, while seen from the back it is seen that it is Mary who is holding the lifeless Christ in her arms.

This made me think that of a "therapeutic" experience of participation and support; for example, of a doctor towards a patient or a parent towards a child in difficulty, or in many other cases, the inner enrichment that arises is always reciprocal and, at least potentially, it's never in just one direction.

Pieta-rondanini 2b.jpg

The two faces of Christ and Mary, in some respects very similar but also very different, seem to express a multiplicity of feelings and moods: concentration, commitment, seriousness, pain but not despair, calm? serenity... and they almost seem to lead those contemplating them to see how the human being can transform himself on his journey of disembodiment towards the spiritual world, when he approaches the threshold of death. Death on earth and birth to the spirit world.

The two figures express a profound union between them that almost borders on the fusion of the two bodies, so much so that in some parts it is not easy to distinguish the body of Christ from that of Mary. But on the other hand, the two individualities clearly stand out.

This can be a symbol of those life experiences in which symbiosis and otherness are experienced at the same time.

Pieta-rondanini 3b.jpg

If you look at the statue from the left side, you can see the broad and strong gesture with which Mary supports the inert body of Christ: it seems that she is resting him on her lap, between her legs, to better support him with all her strength.

This position of Mary reminded me of the gesture of giving birth.

A circle closes for Mary between the birth and death of her Son, in two similar and polar gestures: "giving birth" and "supporting in dying out", the alpha and omega of a journey.

The statue evidently bears the contrast and the coexistence in the same work between the perfectly smooth, completed parts and the chiseled and scratched, incomplete parts, between harmonious and plastic bodily forms, and other only sketched, almost disembodied forms.

Pieta-rondanini 4b.jpg

It seems to me that the sketched part makes this Pietà particularly special and evocative, almost as if Michelangelo wanted to offer anyone who contemplates it the possibility of "continuing the work" - with his own thought and heart - finding within himself so many possible messages and impulses, aroused precisely by the fact that the work is only sketched and not completed.

Pieta-rondanini 5b.jpg